Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) is a chronic autoimmune skin disease characterized by inflammation of the skin triggered by the immune system's attack on healthy tissues. It is a subset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), although CLE can occur independently without systemic involvement in some cases. CLE presents with a variety of skin manifestations, including characteristic skin lesions such as discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), and acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE). DLE typically presents as scaly, coin-shaped plaques on sun-exposed areas like the face, scalp, and ears. SCLE is characterized by annular or papulosquamous lesions on the trunk and upper extremities, often associated with photosensitivity. ACLE presents with a butterfly-shaped rash on the face and may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever and malaise. Diagnosis of CLE involves a combination of clinical examination, medical history, and sometimes skin biopsy to confirm the presence of characteristic histological features. Treatment aims to control inflammation, prevent flare-ups, and minimize scarring and pigmentary changes. This may include topical corticosteroids, antimalarial medications, immunomodulators, and photoprotection measures. Prognosis for CLE varies depending on the subtype and severity of the disease. While most cases of CLE are chronic and require long-term management, the majority of patients can achieve symptom control and maintain a good quality of life with appropriate treatment and monitoring. Research into the pathogenesis and treatment of CLE is ongoing, with efforts focused on developing targeted therapies that modulate the immune response and reduce skin inflammation. Additionally, education and support are essential for patients with CLE to understand their condition, manage symptoms, and minimize the impact on daily life.
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