Disorders of pigmentation are common dermatological conditions that affect skin color, leading to variations such as hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, and depigmentation. Hyperpigmentation, often caused by excessive sun exposure, hormonal changes, or skin injuries, results in dark patches, such as melasma or age spots. Conversely, hypopigmentation occurs when there is a loss of melanin, leading to lighter skin areas, as seen in conditions like vitiligo or albinism. These disorders can significantly impact an individual’s self-esteem and overall appearance. Treatments may include topical agents like hydroquinone, laser therapies, and chemical peels, aimed at restoring even skin tone. In cosmetology, products designed to address these concerns often feature ingredients like vitamin C, niacinamide, and alpha hydroxy acids, which help brighten and even out skin texture while providing essential hydration.
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