Nail Matrix

The nail matrix, or matrix unguis, is a portion of the nail bed. The nail matrix is the root of the nail, meaning it is the area where the nail is formed. Within the nail matrix, there are four distinct zones which are made up of several cell types: the dorsal, basal, intermediate and intermediate capillary. The cells of the nail matrix produce the functional components of the nail such as the nail bed, the nail plate and the nail folds. Generally, the various components of the nail matrix are responsible for the growth, shape, color and texture of the nail. Abnormalities of the nail matrix can occur due to underlying dermatological disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, fungal infections, inflammatory and vasculitic disorders. They can also be the result of age-related changes, trauma or side-effects of medication. The most common disorder of the nail matrix is onychomycosis, which is a fungal infection. It is typically characterized by discoloration, brittleness and thickening of the nails. In these cases, a dermatologist may recommend topical antifungal medications to treat the infection. Other nail matrix disorders commonly seen in dermatology clinics are nail psoriasis and lichen planus. Nail psoriasis can be identified by the presence of yellowish-white patches on the nail plate and brittleness of the nail. It is typically treated with topical steroids or calcineurin inhibitors. Lichen planus is characterized by small, reddish-white bumps on the nail plate and surrounding skin. It is usually treated with steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors or phototherapy. By understanding the anatomy and functions of the nail matrix, dermatologists are well-equipped to diagnose and Treat a variety of conditions that could arise in this area. With the right combination of topical medications, phototherapy and lifestyle modifications, doctors can help to restore the health of the nail matrix and ensure that your nails look and feel their best.