Pigmentations

Pigmentation refers to the coloration of the skin, which is usually determined by the levels and pattern of melanin present in the skin cells. It is an important feature of human skin color and can be affected by genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Pigmentation can vary from person to person, influencing the overall appearance of skin tone and the visibility of certain blemishes such as freckles and age spots. The most common form of pigmentation is melasma, which is often caused by pregnancy. Melasma is distinguished by dark discolorations on the face, particularly on the forehead, cheeks and upper lip. Other external factors that can cause pigmentation include sun exposure, medications and as well as skin trauma, such as acne scarring or freckles caused by UV rays. Certain medical conditions, such as Addison’s disease and vitiligo, can cause pigmentation changes as well. Addison’s disease is caused by an underactive adrenal gland and can cause dark spots on the skin known as “hyperpigmentation”. Vitiligo, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the absence of pigment in certain areas of the skin. This leads to patches of skin that are significantly lighter than the surrounding area. In some cases, pigmentation can result from skin cancer or other skin conditions. Melanoma, which is usually an aggressive form of skin cancer, can cause darkened patches of skin that may become larger, irregularly shaped, and persist for an extended period of time. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and actinic keratoses can also cause dark spots to appear on the skin. Fortunately, pigmentation can be treated with a variety of medications, laser treatments, and skincare products. Topical corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation and dark spots. Hydroquinone is also effective in treating both melasma and other forms of pigmentation, as it inhibits the production of melanin in the skin. For more severe cases, laser treatments such as the Q-switched or Q-switched fractional can help to remove the unwanted pigment. Finally, sunscreen should be used regularly to prevent any further sun damage.